When will it ever end? Month after month, year
after year we are assured that extremist and terrorist networks have
been uncovered and/or dismantled in the United States, in Europe, the
Middle East and Africa. Headline news and spectacular arrests carry a
powerful symbolic impact. But our troubles are far from over; despite
the killing of Usama bin Laden, fully operational cells remain capable
of striking highly symbolic targets: public places, schools, religious
institutions, sometimes specifically Jewish ones. “Islamic terrorism” is
the specter that haunts our era, and is likely to do so for a long time
to come.
I
have frequently stated what must be tirelessly repeated: these tiny
groups do not represent the values of Islam, their actions are overtly
anti-Islamic, and can only be condemned. There can be no justification
for the killing of innocents, for attacks on civilians and public
institutions. While criticism of the State of Israel, like that of any
other state, is legitimate and justifiable it cannot excuse—in any way,
shape or form—anti-Semitism, which is likewise anti-Islamic.
In
fact, recognized Muslim scholars (Sunnites and Shiites alike) along with
the overwhelming majority of ordinary believers firmly condemn the
violence of extremists and the actions of Salafi jihadists, wherever
they raise their ugly heads. The world must hear this message, and the
Muslims must repeat it continuously. About this we must be perfectly
clear.
Gullible Youth and Political Agendas
So
intense is the demonizing of Muslim extremists today that, in dealing
with individual suspects, everything seems to be permitted.
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Internationally,
the Salafi jihadists and the extremists have long pursued dangerous
political positions whose first victims, after those they have executed,
are the Muslim populations as a whole. Extremism and terrorism do not
afflict the West alone, but also Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Today
such movements — standing ideologically between conservative literalism
and jihadism — are gaining a foothold in Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Libya,
and in northern Mali, while maintaining an active presence in Iraq and
Afghanistan. It is imperative to confront the views of these groups, and
above all to curtail their ability to promote unrest. Over the last
fifteen years, but particularly during the last five years, they have
demonstrated their capacity for bringing people into the streets in
times of crisis. Though they remain marginal and opportunistic, the
impact of their murderous and shocking acts on the perceptions and the
imagination of a greater number of people cannot be discounted.
The
young people who join extremist groups are clearly suffering from
massive deficiencies in religious knowledge, and are often politically
gullible (when they are not attempting to salve pangs of conscience by
cutting themselves off from a life of delinquency). They can easily fall
victim to the kind of radical or populist rhetoric propagated by
jihadist circles, just as they may become the instruments of predatory
and manipulative government intelligence agencies. From Pakistan to the
United States, by way of Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt and Syria,
not to mention England, France, Germany and Denmark, informers and
provocateurs have successfully infiltrated these groups.
Behind
the religious sincerity and the political gullibility of youthful
radicals often lurk religious or political authorities, or even
government secret services. All are totally devoid of religious
sincerity and driven by a political cynicism as blatant as it is deadly.
The ideology of extremism and the organizations that embody it are
dangerous in many ways; condemnation of them must be firm and decisive,
accompanied by a rigorous analysis of their causes, their principle
protagonists and their zones of darkness. There can be no room for
naïveté.
To this analysis must be added the strategic connection
between the presence of such groups in the West and in Muslim-majority
countries. Confronting terrorism, and the cells that come into being in
an apparently informal and disconnected manner, presents particularly
forbidding obstacles, as can be observed in Germany, the US, England,
France, and elsewhere. Above and beyond acts of terrorism that are
followed by immediate political and military reaction by the affected
countries, like the US in Afghanistan, then Iraq in the wake of
September 11, 2001, the fact remains that operations against local
cells, accompanied by intense media coverage, cannot be entirely
disconnected from the foreign policies of the Western nations.
Behind the Fine Words
We
may praise equal rights and equal status for all, but in everyday life
and behind bars contempt, ordinary racism, and islamophobia are tangible
realities.
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In fact, where terrorist
actions occur, Western military intervention is never far behind.
Terrorism has been successfully used to justify increased surveillance
of citizens in the West and military operations abroad once public
opinion had been primed to accept it (as the jihadist threat had become
plausible at home). It may well be that France, whose president and its
prime minister proclaim that they will combat Islamic extremism wherever
necessary, will soon seek a pretext for greater involvement overseas,
particularly in Mali, now that the threat has been felt on its own soil
(and that French hostages are still being held). The region is a
strategic one, and the petroleum reserves recently discovered there are
at least as extensive as Libya’s: worth remembering in order to keep our
feet on the ground.
Such considerations aside, we must remain
focused on our responsibilities, and refuse to cast ourselves as
victims. Once again Muslims — religious representatives, community
leaders, and ordinary believers — must speak out loud and clear in
condemning what is done in their name by the extremists. Likewise,
politicians and the media must take pains to avoid guilt by association.
Not only by affirming, in times of crisis or terrorist actions, that
the jihadists and extremists do not represent all Muslims, but by
finding ways to speak of Muslims in positive ways, and not only in time
of crisis.
So
intense is the demonizing of Muslim extremists today that, in dealing
with individual suspects, everything seems to be permitted. While it is
normal to detain persons who are acting suspiciously in order to
forestall terrorist actions, the arrest and indefinite preventive
detention of individuals without respecting their right to a legal
defense cannot be considered legitimate. Today, men are imprisoned in
England, Germany, France, Canada, and the United States who do not know
what they are accused of and without judgment. They find themselves in a
judicial “black hole” where all is permitted in the name of the
“terrorist threat.” In any self-respecting democracy, not only must the
jihadist-Muslim linkage be rejected, but the former must also be dealt
with according to the rule of law. They must be allowed legal
representation, a fair trial and an equitable verdict. These are the
unalienable rights we all hold dear.
What we observe today in the
West is a danger above all for the West itself, which appears to be
abandoning its principles: extraordinary illegal renditions, detention
without explanation nor reason, the sub-contracting of torture,
incarceration and solitary confinement (as in the United States) or, in
Europe, degrading treatment, are incompatible with the professed values
of human rights and dignity. It is not because we fight against
terrorists—or those accused of terrorism—that we can transform ourselves
into monsters at the very heart of a system based on the rule of law,
granting ourselves the extraordinary right to violate the very rules we
claim to protect.
The treatment of prisoners is a case in point.
Such is the climate of mistrust that to practice Islam in prison has
become all but impossible. In many Western prison systems, in the United
States and Canada, and more and more frequently in Germany, Britain,
and France, treatment of Muslim prisoners (who account for between 20
and 50 percent of the prison population in some European countries) is
blatantly discriminatory and frequently degrading. Inmates find it
difficult to pray, their food is inappropriate, spiritual counseling is
absent or left in the dangerous hands of uneducated, self-proclaimed
preachers. The root of the problem lies within the system itself. What
is the point of reacting with horror to the radicalization of Muslim
prisoners unless specific measures are adopted to provide prisoners of
all confessions with equal access to a chaplain’s services? The choice
is a political one.
In the prison system the contradictions
inherent in states themselves — particularly with regard to the
oft-proclaimed equitable treatment of all citizens — are simply
amplified. We may praise equal rights and equal status for all, but (as
though seen through a magnifying glass) in everyday life and behind bars
contempt, ordinary racism, and islamophobia are tangible realities.
Were the intent to produce radicalism, a better way could not be found.
Democratic citizens must demand, and states must institute reform on an
urgent basis. The treatment of convicts tells us much about the
realities that lie hidden behind the fine words mouthed in celebration
of our democratic societies.
So Wealthy and Fearful, is a West Adrift
When
violence walks the land and our societies feel threatened, it is
entirely legitimate to expect clarification and a basic explanation from
the authorities. |
Likewise, it is essential
that the public be fully informed about the incidents that recur again
and again. When violence walks the land and our societies feel
threatened, it is entirely legitimate — after terrorist attacks and/or
failed attempts — to expect clarification and a basic explanation from
the authorities. The question is not one of accrediting conspiracy
theories, but of insisting on citizens’ fundamental rights to
information and protection: rights that cannot be compromised. How to
explain that in the wake of unfortunately successful terrorist acts
there have been no independent commissions of inquiry to report on
whatever investigation took place? How to explain that, in the name of
the fight against terrorism, citizens are left adrift in the face of
contradictory official statements from governments that admit no
liability, since the terrorists are, by definition, “diabolical?” How to
explain that arrested terrorists are systematically killed or reduced
to silence so that their version of events is never heard? No commission
of inquiry has ever completed its work; no conclusions have been
reached; no explanations offered. A dire threat hangs over our heads,
and black holes surround us.
While conspiracy theories should be
rejected, we must claim our right to information and security while at
the same time defending the rights of accused or suspected persons. How
often we have been wrong! In France, Germany, Canada and Italy, in Great
Britain, and in the United States, women and men have served years in
prison before it was realized that they had been unjustly incarcerated.
Some were released without any apology or compensation whatsoever, and
at Guantanamo persons known to be innocent continue to be held as
criminals.
The suspicion of terrorism has transformed individuals
into de facto “terrorists” enjoying no rights and being dealt with as
such, whether guilty or not. Faced with terrorism our societies have
been transformed; our freedoms have been sacrificed, and humiliating
treatment has been normalized, and we must never forget it. Terrorism
may well ultimately confront the West with its own dark image: in
refusing to discuss the causes of terrorism, in doing no more than
condemn actions, and in dehumanizing the guilty as well as simple
suspects, we are normalizing fundamentally racist and discriminatory
attitudes.
No amount of pious declarations after the damage has
been done will change a thing. The belittling of Islam in public speech,
the horrified condemnation of extremists and jihadists, and the
shameful treatment of prisoners are forging a negative image of the
Muslims among us. If we add the steady stream of crises (caricatures,
videos, etc.) that fuel tension, we can grasp the outlines of a new
enemy, both within and internationally. Islam suddenly explains
everything involving Muslims, whether it be urban violence, social
marginalization, unemployment, popular frustration, dictatorship, or
opposition to Israeli policies, to name but a few. No need for
political, socio-economic, or geopolitical analysis.
We have
entered an age when all problems are being islamicized, while
simultaneously crucial issues of governance and justice are
depoliticized. When religion becomes the over-simplified reason, when we
cease to consider the complexity of political life, we turn to a
populism that narrowly defines the other, and holds him responsible for
all society’s ills because of what he is: precisely the definition of
racism and of the politics of fear. A West so wealthy and yet so fearful
is a West adrift, so far from its ideals, so near to its demons.
Source: www.tariqramadan.com